Device and method for rapid aspiration and collection of body tissue from within an enclosed body space

ABSTRACT

Device and method for rapid extraction of body tissue from an enclosed body cavity. Hollow entry cannula with optional core element provides entry into body tissue space such as bone marrow. Aspiration cannula is inserted through cannula into body tissue and is manipulated to advance directionally through body cavity. Optional stylet within aspiration cannula aids in advancing aspiration cannula through body tissue and is removed to facilitate extraction of body tissue through the aspiration cannula. Inlet openings near distal tip of aspiration cannula allow tissue aspiration, with negative pressure source at proximal end of aspiration cannula providing controlled negative pressure. Aspiration cannula may be withdrawn and its path adjusted for multiple entries through the same entry point, following different paths through tissue space for subsequent aspiration of more tissue.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/454,846 filed Jun. 4, 2003 which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/384,998 filed Jun. 4, 2002, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

Invention relates generally to the field of medicine and more specifically to a device and method for rapid extraction of tissue from an enclosed body cavity.

2. Related Art

Bone Marrow is a rich source of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells from which red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are formed. Bone marrow also contains additional populations of cells which have the potential to regenerate other tissues.

Since the early 1970's bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used to treat patients with a wide variety of disorders, including but not limited to cancer, genetic and autoimmune diseases. Currently over 400,000 transplants for a variety of indications are performed worldwide each year.

In autologous transplants, the patient has their own bone marrow collected prior to receiving high dose chemotherapy.

Following high dose, myeloablative chemotherapy (which kills the majority of the patient's marrow stem cells) the stored autologous marrow (or hematopoietic stem cells purified or enriched from the marrow) is infused, and serves to ‘rescue’ the patient's hematoymphoid system.

In allogeneic transplants bone marrow, or other sources of hematopoietic stem cells derived from a full or partially human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matched sibling, parent or unrelated donor is infused into the recipient patient and following engraftment, serves to reconstitute the recipients hematopoietic system with cells derived from the donor.

Following myeloablative or non-myeloablative conditioning of a patient with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, the marrow is regenerated through the administration and engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells contained in the donor bone marrow.

In addition to hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic progenitors, bone marrow contains mesenchymal and other stem cell populations thought to have the ability to differentiate into muscle, myocardium, vasculature and neural tissues and possibly some organ tissues such as liver and pancreas. Recent research in preclinical animal studies (for example Rafii S, et al., Contribution of marrow-derived progenitors to vascular and cardiac regeneration, Semin Cell Dev Biol 2002 February; 13(1):61-7) and clinical trials (for example of recent clinical trials and methods see Strauer B E, Wemet P. et al. Repair of infracted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation 2002 Oct. 8;106(15):1913-8, and the article by Stamm C, ct al. Autologous bone-marrow stem-cell transplantation for myocardial regeneration. Lancet 2003 Jan. 4; 361 (9351):45-6) suggest that bone marrow or some portion of the cells contained within marrow can regenerate tissues other than the hematopoietic system. This includes the ability for cells contained within the marrow to regenerate or facilitate regeneration of myocardial tissue following a myocardial infarction, as evident by improved cardiac function and patient survival (Strauer BE, et al. Intracoronary, human autologous stem cell transplantation for myocardial regeneration following myocardial infarction, Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2001 Aug. 24; 126(34-35):932-8).

Bone marrow derived stem cells also show evidence for their ability to regenerate damaged liver and hepatic cells(Lagasse E et al Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo, Nature Medicine 2000 November ; 6(11):1229-34) and portions of the nervous system (Cuevas P et al. Peripheral nerve regeneration by bone marrow stromal cells, Neurol Res 2002 October;24(7):634-8 Arthritis Res Ther 2003;5(1):32-45) including spinal cord (Wu S et al Bone marrow stromal cells enhance differentiation of cocultured neurosphere cells and promote regeneration ofinjured spinal cord. J Neurosci Res 2003 May 1;72(3):343-51). Additional organ systems, including the kidney, show benefits from treatment with bone marrow derived cells (Poulsom R. et al. Bone marrow stem cells contribute to healing of the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003 June; 14 (Suppl 1):S48-54). Use of bone marrow and the stem cells contained within bone marrow may be of increasing clinical utility in the future treatment of patients.

Stem cells utilized in transplantation are primarily collected in one of two ways. First, by directly accessing the bone marrow (bone marrow harvest), in which marrow is removed from the patient, usually by multiple aspirations of marrow from the posterior ileac crest, in a bone marrow harvest procedure performed in the operating room. A second collection method is performed by removal of mononuclear cells from the donor's peripheral blood (which contains a fraction of hematopoietic stem cells as well as other populations of cells including high numbers of T-cells). In this procedure peripheral blood stem cells are collected by apheresis following donor treatment with either chemotherapy (usually cyclophosphamide) or with the cytokine Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (GCSF). Treatment with cyclophosphamide or GCSF functions to mobilize and increase the numbers Of hematopoietic stern cells circulating in the blood.

Traditional bone marrow harvest procedures have several shortcomings:

-   -   To perform a harvest of 500-1000 milliliters of marrow, multiple         separate entries into the marrow cavity are required to in order         to remove a sufficient amount of bone marrow. A bone marrow         aspiration needle (sharp metal trocar) is placed through the         soft tissue, through the outer cortex of the ileac crest and         into the marrow space. The aspiration needle enters less than 2         cm into the marrow cavity. Negative pressure is applied through         the hollow harvest needle (usually by the operator pulling on an         attached syringe into which 5-10 ml of marrow is aspirated). The         needle and syringe are then removed and after removing the         collected marrow, the aspiration needle accesses a separate         location on the ileac bone for another aspiration. This is         performed multiple times (on the order of 100-200 separate         entries for an average patient) in order to remove a sufficient         volume of bone marrow required for transplantation. Each         puncture and entry into the marrow cavity accesses only a         limited area of the marrow space, and the majority of         practitioners only remove 5-10 milliliters of marrow with each         marrow penetration. Pulling more marrow from a single marrow         entry site otherwise results in a collected sample highly         diluted by peripheral blood.     -   General anesthesia—The bone marrow harvest procedure requires         general anesthesia. General anesthesia is required because the         ileac crest is penetrated 100-300 times with a sharp bone marrow         trocar. Local anesthesia is generally not possible given the         large surface area and number of bone punctures required.     -   Recovery Time—The donor can take some time recovering from         general anesthesia, and frequently suffers from days of sore         throat, a result of the endotracheal intubation tube placed in         the operating room.     -   Time consuming for patient—Pre-operative preparation, the         harvest procedure, recovery from anesthesia, and an overnight         observation stay in the hospital following the procedure is an         imposition on the donor.     -   Time Consuming for the physician: In addition to general         operating room staff, the traditional bone marrow harvest         procedure requires two transplant physicians (each physician         aspirating marrow from the left or right side of the ileac         crest) and who spend approximately one hour each to perform the         procedure.     -   Pain—Many donors experience significant pain at the site of the         multiple aspirations (bone punctures) which persists for days to         weeks.     -   Complications—Traditional bone marrow aspiration incurs a         significant degree of contamination with peripheral blood.         Peripheral blood contains high numbers of mature T-cells (unlike         pure bone marrow). T-cells contribute to the clinical phenomenon         termed Graft vs. Host Disease (GVHD), in both acute and chronic         forms following transplant in which donor T-cells present in the         transplant graft react against the recipient (host) tissues.         GVHD incurs a high degree of morbidity and mortality in         allogeneic transplants recipients.     -   Expensive—Cost of the procedure $10-15K, which includes costs         for operating room time, anesthesia supplies and professional         fees, and post-operative care and recovery.

Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Collection also has several shortcomings:

-   -   Slow and time consuming—Requires the donor to first undergo 7-10         or more days of daily subcutaneous injections with high doses of         the cytokine GCSF prior to the harvest. These daily injections         can be uncomfortable and painful. Peripheral blood stem cells         can not be obtained without this 7+ day lead time.     -   Expense—Each day of apheresis costs approximately $3000         (including but not limited to the cost of the apheresis machine,         nursing, disposable supplies and product processing) and the         patient often has to come back on multiple days in order to         obtain an adequate number of stem cells. Costs for the GCSF drug         alone approximate $6,000-10,000 depending upon the weight of the         patient (usually doses as 10 micrograms/kilogram/day).     -   Complications—Given the multiple days required to collect         adequate numbers of hematopoietic stem cells, individual bags of         peripheral blood product must be processed and frozen         separately. These bags are then thawed, and given back to the         recipient patient at the time of transplant. The volume and         chemicals contained in the product freezing media can cause some         mild side effects at the time of infusion.

Accordingly, there is a need for a minimally invasive, less expensive, time-efficient bone marrow harvest procedure with minimal complications which does not require general anesthesia, offers fast recovery time, and does not cause significant pain to the bone marrow donor.

SUMMARY

Devices and methods for rapid extraction of body tissue from an enclosed body cavity are described. The device comprises a hollow introduction cannula containing a trocar where the entry cannula and a core element may be used to penetrate body tissue such as the marrow space contained within the ileac or other bone. An aspiration cannula is inserted through the entry cannula and into the body tissue where it is then advanced through the body cavity. Within the aspiration cannula there may be a stylet (aspiration stylet), which can aid in the advance of the cannula through the cavity and which can be removed from the aspiration cannula to facilitate extraction of body tissue through the aspiration cannula. The aspiration cannula has inlet openings near its distal tip through which tissue is aspirated. At the proximal end of the aspiration cannula, a negative pressure (suction) source provides controlled negative pressure enabling tissue to be aspirated through the aspiration cannula and into a collection reservoir. The aspiration cannula may be withdrawn and adjusted for multiple entries through the same tissue entry point while following different paths through the tissue space for subsequent aspiration of more tissue.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a device for rapid aspiration and collection of body tissue from within an enclosed body space, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates entry cannula 101 with core element 104, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates aspiration cannula, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 a shows aspiration cannula with one or more steering wires, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 b shows perforated wall and cross-section of aspiration cannula, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 c shows universal joint of aspiration cannula, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 d shows squash plate of aspiration cannula, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 e shows preset degree of curvature of aspiration cannula, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a groove cup, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 a illustrates a distal tip, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 b illustrates a sharp tip, a rotating drill tip and a sonication device, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 c illustrates a sonication device and an ultrasound transducer, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 d illustrates an example of a distal tip modified to have a rounded blunt tip, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates inlet openings near the distal tip of aspiration cannula, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates additional ports of aspiration cannula, according to an embodiment of the present invent ion.

FIG. 9 illustrates optional reservoir for materials or liquids for administration, and optional electric motor, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 a illustrates how the device for rapid aspiration and collection of body tissue from within an enclosed body space enables a single operator to harvest marrow through one bone entry point, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 b illustrates how a conventional bone marrow harvest procedure uses several bone punctures and separate small volume aspirations.

FIG. 11 illustrates a method for rapid aspiration and collection of body tissue from within an enclosed body space, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 shows entry site on one side of the body with multiple aspiration paths, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Overview

An apparatus is provided to aspirate bone marrow and/or tissue rapidly and for large volumes of bone marrow from the ileac, femur, or other marrow containing bone marrow cavities. The apparatus includes a lumen adapted to receive an elongated aspiration cannula. Following entry through the bone wall, the aspiration cannula may be controlled to move in a non-linear fashion within the marrow cavity so that it can access a majority of bone marrow space through a single point of entry. Suction may be applied to the aspiration cannula to harvest the bone marrow or other aspiratable substances. If it is determined that a threshold amount of aspiratable substance has not been obtained, the aspiration cannula may be adjusted to enable further harvesting from the same bone wall entry or from an alternative bone wall entry.

Device and method for rapid, minimally invasive, aspiration and collection of body tissue from within an enclosed body space, as described herein, provide following advantages over the existing harvest systems:

-   -   Efficacy—traditional extraction accesses only a small volume of         marrow with each needle insertion and negative pressure draws         blood from surrounding capillaries and dilutes the extract. The         invention described herein moves to directly contact more of the         marrow space and aspirates a more concentrated, less diluted         extract. The extracted bone marrow is more concentrated in stem         cells because the device penetrates the pelvic cavity more         broadly and thus the extracted material is less diluted with         blood drawn into the void created by the extraction. The         decreased numbers of contaminating T-cells will likely lead to         less Graft vs. Host Disease (GVHD) in allogeneic bone marrow         recipients. Less total volume of bone marrow will need to be         removed (as it is more concentrated).     -   Efficiency—the harvest performed with the invention described         herein proceeds faster than conventional trocar harvest because         only one access point into the marrow cavity is needed on each         side of the body and less total volume of material is extracted         (as it is more concentrated). One possible marrow access point         is the easily accessible anterior ileac crest access site, Which         is easier to find and access on a broad array of patients (from         thin to obese) and .utilizing this entry site will also reduce         harvest time.     -   Cost—the procedure described herein will be considerably less         expensive than the conventional procedure because described         invention requires no operating room time, reduced support         personnel, and no anesthesiologist. In terms of peripheral blood         hematopoietic stem cell aspiration via apheresis—the         $6,000-$10,000 cost for GCSF cytokine treatments and several         lengthy (4-20+ hours each) apheresis procedures will be negated.     -   Convenience: There is no significant lead or preparative time         required to perform a bone marrow harvest, as the procedure can         be performed without an operating room, or general anesthesia by         a single operator. Critically ill, or bone marrow donors who         could not readily tolerate traditional harvest methods would         benefit. Marrow and or stem cells derived from marrow could be         obtained rapidly for use in follow-on therapeutic interventions.         Qualities & Benefits:

This device and method could be applied to a range of soft tissue extractions. Specific uses include, but are not limited to, the aspiration of bone marrow, removal of fat, aspiration of blood and muscle. We consider the bone marrow harvest application further for the sake of illustration.

-   -   To provide a bone marrow aspiration device for the rapid         extraction of small or large volumes of bone marrow from the         ileac, femur or other marrow containing bone marrow cavities or         spaces.     -   To aspirate tissue such as marrow through a single skin and bone         puncture site into the marrow cavity.     -   The ability to control directionality of described invention         within the marrow cavity such that it can access majority of         bone marrow space through a single point of entry.     -   To provide controlled aspiration suction through the described         invention of bone marrow or other aspiratable substance such as         fat.     -   Described invention will significantly shorten bone marrow         harvest time, not require general anesthesia, and result in cost         reductions compared to traditional bone marrow harvest of         peripheral blood stem cell collection.     -   To enable access to multiple diagnostic samples of bone marrow         from disparate sites within the marrow cavity.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a device 100 for rapid aspiration and collection of body tissue from within an enclosed body space (hereinafter referred to as “aspiration device”), according to one embodiment of the present invention. Aspiration cannula 105 couples to optional handle 102 for ease of holding and operation.

FIG. 2 illustrates entry cannula 101 with core element 104, according to one embodiment of the present invention. Entry cannula 101 comprises a needle with hollow central lumen accommodating a core element 104 for initial insertion into a bone marrow cavity or body tissue, for example through the anterior ileac crest, posterior ileac crest, lateral trocanter of the femur, or other location for aspiration bone marrow or other body tissue. Aspiration cannula 105 enters the body tissue through the entry provided by entry cannula 101.

Core element 104 comprises a trocar or other element for breaking or piercing through the bone wall (or other tissue boundary) and creating an entry for subsequent aspiration. Optionally, entry cannula 101 is strong enough to break or pierce through the bone wall without the help of core element 104.

In an alternative embodiment, an entry in the bone wall is created using a tool other than entry cannula 101 and/or core element 104, such as a separate trocar or other sharp tool for breaking or piercing the bone wall, preparing the bone (or other tissue area) for the entry of aspiration cannula 105.

Once an entry is created into the bone marrow and entry cannula 101 enters the bone marrow (or other body tissue intended for aspiration), core element 104 is removed, leaving a hollow entry lumen with access to the medullary cavity.

FIG. 3 illustrates aspiration cannula 105, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Aspiration device 100 comprises. aspiration cannula 105, for entering through the hollow entry cannula 101 and through the bone wall (or other tissue area) entry into the marrow space. Aspiration cannula 105 comprises flexible material allowing for curvature for following the bone marrow cavity (or other tissue area). In one embodiment, aspiration cannula 105 has a length of 6-16 inches. The size of the aspiration cannula 105 may vary based on the size and anatomy of the patient and/or the bone marrow cavity (or other body tissue area) intended for harvest.

Aspiration cannula 105 optionally comprises a stylet 106 (“aspiration stylet”). When inserted into aspiration cannula 105, optional aspiration stylet 106 provides structural strength and aids in (for example the intramedullary bone marrow space of the ileac or femur bone) advance of aspiration cannula 105 through the marrow space (or other tissue area). Optionally, aspiration stylet 106 comprises a preset degree of curvature prior to and following entry into body cavity through entry cannula 101. Aspiration stylet 106 can be removed from aspiration cannula 105 to allow aspiration of marrow (or other body tissue) through aspiration cannula 105. Optionally, aspiration stylet 106 is used to remove and/or disrupt blockages within aspiration cannula 105, such as bone fragments, fat, coagulation, blood clots or other substance which may be blocking aspiration.

Optionally, aspiration cannula 105 is steerable and directable. FIG. 4 a shows aspiration cannula 105 equipped with one or more steering wires 107, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Contraction or pulling of a steering wire 107 by operator results in curvature of aspiration cannula 105 according to the direction and/or location of contracted or pulled steering wire 107. Optionally, and as shown in FIG. 4 b aspiration cannula 105 comprises flexible material and/or perforations 108 on the wall of aspiration cannula 105 allowing for curvature and increased lateral flexibility, and/or oval cross-section for limiting axes of curvature. Optionally, aspiration cannula 105 comprises material with shape-memory, for example a shape memory alloy (such as Nitinol), a shape memory plastic, or other metallic or non-metallic material with shape-memory, for example resulting in a curved profile of aspiration cannula 105, for providing directionality to aspiration cannula 105 upon aspiration cannula's 105 entry into the body tissue or body cavity.

Optionally, as shown in FIG. 4 c, aspiration cannula 105 comprises a universal joint 109 for providing a pivot point, allowing the contraction or pulling of steering wires 107 to result in steering and/or change of direction of aspiration cannula 105.

Optionally, as shown in FIG. 4 d, aspiration cannula 105 comprises a squash plate 110, allowing the contraction or pulling of steering wires 107 to result in steering and/or change of direction of aspiration cannula 105.

Optionally, as shown in FIG. 4 c, aspiration cannula 105 has a preset degree of curvature such that after passing through entry cannula 101 and into the bone cavity, aspiration cannula 105 assumes a curvature according to the preset curvature, thereby assisting its direction when advancing within the cavity.

Optionally and as illustrated in FIG. 5, a groove cup 120 is used for guiding aspiration cannula 105 into bone marrow (or other body tissue). Groove cup 120 comprises one or more grooves 121, a groove 121 providing directional entry of aspiration cannula 105 into bone marrow. Placement of aspiration cannula 105 into an appropriate groove 121 allows entry of aspiration cannula 105 into bone marrow with directionality according to selected groove 121. Optionally, groove cup 120 has groove dial 122 for convenient selection of groove 121 and guiding of aspiration cannula 105 through selected groove 121 and into the bone marrow space.

According to one embodiment of the present invention and as shown in FIG. 6 a, aspiration device 100 comprises a distal tip 130 at the distal end of aspiration cannula 105 or at the distal end of optional aspiration stylet 106, for advancing through the bone marrow cavity (or other body tissue).

As shown in FIG. 6 b, distal tip 130 comprises a sharp tip 131, a rotating drill tip 132 (manual or powered, for example powered by an electric motor 162 as shown in FIG. 9, with motor 162 using power from batteries 163 or from an outside electrical source, optionally comprising a variable speed controllable and/or reversible drill tip), a sonication device 133 (for tissue disruption) or other tissue disruptor for penetrating and/or advancing through the bone marrow (or other body tissue).

Optionally and as shown in FIG. 6 c, distal tip 130 comprises an ultrasound transducer or other navigation element 134 for providing navigation and/or visual guidance within bone marrow space (or other body tissue) to assist steering of aspiration cannula 105, such as providing feedback indicating proximity of distal tip 130 or aspiration cannula 105 to bone wall (or to other tissue boundary).

Optionally, distal tip 130 is modified such that it cannot puncture out of the body space or cavity (such as bone marrow space or other body tissue area) but instead moves sideways along a wall or boundary upon encountering such wall or boundary. FIG. 6 d shows an example of a distal tip 130 modified to have a rounded blunt tip 135 to behave in this way.

Optionally, aspiration device 100 comprises a combination of radio-opaque and/or radio-transparent material for use in conjunction with an imaging device, such as an X-ray or ultrasound device, for visual location of the aspiration cannula 105. For example, aspiration cannula 105 and/or other parts may be radio-transparent, with aspiration cannula 105 comprising a radio-opaque visual guide (for example using X-Rays or other radiographic methods) along the length of aspiration cannula 105 (such as a strip with visual distance markings showing how far aspiration cannula 105 has advanced into bone marrow space or other body tissue area).

As shown in FIG. 7 according to one embodiment of the present invention, aspiration cannula 105 comprises one or more inlet openings 150 near the distal tip 130 through which marrow or other tissues can be aspirated by the application of negative pressure. A negative pressure element couples to the proximal end of aspiration cannula 105 for application of negative pressure resulting in aspiration (suction) of bone marrow (or other body tissue) into a reservoir for bone marrow (or for other body tissue). In one embodiment, the negative pressure element comprises a syringe. In another embodiment, the negative pressure element comprises a powered device (such as a wall mounted continuous negative pressure device or other powered device for providing controlled negative pressure). Handle 102 has optional trigger element 103 (as shown in FIG. 9) for controlling aspiration negative pressure or degree of suction, for example by controlling a pressure gate for allowing proper degree of negative pressure.

Optionally, aspiration device 100 comprises a pain attenuating device for dampening pain and/or sensation during the aspiration procedure. For example, aspiration cannula 105 may comprise one or more sites for providing electrical nerve stimulation to the harvest area resulting in pain attenuation (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,163, Strauss et al., May 1998).

Optionally, a lining of anticoagulant material (such as heparin) on the inside wall of entry cannula 101 and/or aspiration cannula 105 prevents blood and/or marrow from coagulating and hindering aspiration of marrow or body tissue. Optionally, entry cannula 101 and/or aspiration cannula 105 are flushed with anticoagulant solution to prevent and/or dissolve clots.

Optionally and as shown in FIG. 8, aspiration cannula 105 has one or more additional ports 160 through which material or liquid (such as anticoagulant described above) can be administered. An optional port in the aspiration cannula 105 allows administration of a stylet into the aspiration cannula for unblocking or removing any blood or tissue clots which may occur. Aspiration device 100 comprises optional reservoir 161 for materials or liquids (such as anticoagulant described above) for administration, as shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 also shows an example of a steering control 140 for steering, guiding, advancing, and/or retracting aspiration cannula 105 whether aspiration cannula 105 is positioned outside and/or inside the bone marrow space (or other body tissue area). In the embodiment described above, wherein aspiration cannula 105 comprises one or more steering wires 107, activation of steering control 140 causes contraction or pulling of one or more steering wires 107 resulting in curvature and/or change of direction of aspiration cannula 105. In one embodiment, steering control 140 comprises a manual control, such as a handle, which can be moved to steer or manipulate aspiration cannula 104. For example, forward movement of apparatus 100 causes advancement of aspiration cannula 105 and backward movement of apparatus 100 results in withdrawal of aspiration cannula 105, whereas movement of steering control 140 handle to different sides (for example to the left, right, up or down) causes aspiration cannula 105 to curve to the corresponding side (for example to the left, right, up or down). In another embodiment, steering control 140 comprises a powered control, such as a multi-way thumb-stick or one or more buttons for steering and/or advancing and retracting aspiration cannula 105 (shown in FIG. 9).

The length and/or diameter and/or flexibility and/or curvature of entry cannula 101 and/or aspiration cannula 105 can be chosen to accommodate different anatomies (such as corresponding to different ages, bone sizes, amount of body fat, and other factors distinguishing patients) and for the harvest of a range of body tissues, such as bone marrow, fat (liposuction), fluid in the abdomen of a patient (with liver disease for example), or possibly for minimally invasive removal of a soft tissue mass such as a tumor. For example, a child may require a shorter, more flexible aspiration cannula 105. As another example, aspiration of bone through the lateral trocanter of the femur, or via the anterior ileac crest may require a shorter entry cannula 101 and/or aspiration cannula 105 than aspiration of bone marrow through the posterior ileac crest which may have more soft tissue above the bone.

There is a growing body of scientific evidence that bone marrow derived stem cells can be utilized to regenerate or improve function of damaged myocardium following a myocardial infarction (MI), and may be useful in treating and preventing congestive heart failure. The ability to rapidly and easily obtain bone marrow derived stem cells for use in cardiac regeneration and other regenerative stem cell based therapies may be crucial. For example, a patient who has recently been diagnosed with a significant myocardial infarction is brought to the catheterization suite, where interventional cardiologists perform angioplasty to open up a blocked coronary artery. Before, during or after the angioplasty procedure, a significant volume of bone marrow would be harvested using aspiration device 100. The bone marrow could be rapidly processed to enrich for hematopoietic stem cells or other populations or fraction of cells contained within bone marrow. These cells would then be delivered via catheter of other delivery device to the region of the heart which has undergone infarction and injury or death secondary to acute cardiac ischemia or other acute or chronic insults to the myocardial tissue. The delivered bone marrow or stem cell component contributes to regeneration of the myocardium or otherwise acts to improve cardiac function in the area of the infarct and leads to improved cardiac function and patient functional status and mortality. Optionally, marrow could be harvested separately from the initial cardiac catheterization procedure (for example 7 days after the MI) and in a separate procedure, stem cells or marrow enriched for stem cells could be delivered by any number of delivery mechanisms, for example by intracoronary or intramuscular injection. Use of a minimally invasive harvest device 100 would facilitate ease of harvest in patients who may be critically ill and not able to easily tolerate traditional marrow harvest procedures.

Advantageously, aspiration device 100 considerably improves on existing bone marrow harvest procedures by enabling a single operator to harvest marrow through one bone entry point, as illustrated in FIG. 10 a, instead of several dozen to hundreds of bone punctures and separate small volume aspirations, as shown in FIG. 10 b.

FIG. 11 illustrates a method for rapid aspiration and collection of body tissue from within an enclosed body space, according to an embodiment of the present invention. After providing 200 an entry into the marrow using entry cannula 101 (and/or using core element 104, in which case the core element 104 of the entry cannula 101 is removed after providing the entry), a hollow entry lumen is left with access to the medullary cavity. Next, aspiration cannula 105 is placed 201 through the hollow entry cannula 101 and introduced into the marrow space. The aspiration cannula 105 is then manipulated 202 (using steering control 140) to move and follow the bone marrow cavity, assisted by the distal tip 130 of the aspiration cannula.

As described above, aspiration cannula 105 will have a degree of flexibility and/or curvature allowing it to follow the cavity (for example the intramedullary bone marrow space of the ileac or femur bone), and an optional ultrasound transducer device at the distal tip 130 of the aspiration cannula 105 can aid movement and define width of the cavity.

Once the aspiration catheter is fully introduced into the body cavity, negative pressure is initiated 203, using for example a syringe or a powered negative pressure device as described above. As bone marrow is aspirated the aspiration cannula 105 is slowly withdrawn 204, with aspiration continuing as the aspiration cannula 105 is withdrawn. If a sufficient amount of bone marrow is aspirated 205, the aspiration process is complete 206. Otherwise 207, after withdrawal of aspiration cannula 105, the curvature and/or directionality of the aspiration cannula 105 is adjusted 208, and aspiration cannula 105 is redirected through the entry into the bone marrow space and manipulated to follow a different path through the space and aspirating more bone marrow. This process can be repeated for example 3-4 times, resulting in its aspiration of bone marrow from the majority of the bone marrow space (for example the ileac crest). This process can be repeated on both sides of the body as needed (FIG. 12 shows on entry site on one side of the body with multiple aspiration paths).

As described above, there is the option of utilizing one or more aspiration cannulae 105 with preset or modifiable degrees of curvature and/or length and/or diameter and/or flexibility to adapt to different individual patients' anatomy and degree of ileac or other bone anatomy. As described above, aspirated bone marrow will go directly into the bone marrow reservoir or container through a closed system for initial storage and/or follow-on manipulation (such as filtering, stem cell enrichment, or other follow-on manipulation or treatment of bone marrow).

The apparatus and method shown herein provide many advantages for rapid aspiration and collection of body tissue from within an enclosed space. The directional control of the aspiration cannula by the operator enables the cannula to directly contact more of the marrow space and thereby aspirate a bone marrow that is more concentrated with stem cells than that available in the prior art. In addition, the harvest performed with the apparatus shown herein proceeds faster than prior art harvesting with a trocar since only one access point is required on each side of the body and less total volume of material is extracted. Finally, the procedure outlined above requires less time and reduced support personnel, thereby reducing costs for a procedure for harvesting bone marrow and/or tissue.

Foregoing described embodiments of the invention are provided as illustrations and descriptions. They are not intended to limit the invention to the precise form described. Other variations and embodiments are possible in light of above teachings, and it is thus intended that the scope of invention not be limited by this Detailed Description, but rather by Claims following. 

1. A method for aspirating bone marrow, comprising: introducing a distal tip attached at a distal end of an aspiration cannula having a flexible length into the bone marrow through an entry port defined along a bone marrow cavity of an ileac crest, where a proximal end of the flexible length is coupled to a handle and the cannula is deflectable in all directions; advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path within the bone marrow while following a curvature of the cavity defined by the ileac crest and while rotating the distal tip relative to the handle, wherein the tip comprises a rotating drill tip having a proximal fluted portion that is tapered in a distal direction from a proximal end of the drill tip and a distal portion having a rounded blunt tip such that the drill tip terminates at the blunt tip, and where the rotating drill tip moves sideways along a surface of cortical bone upon encountering the surface by deflecting via the distally curved blunt tip while rotating and without causing trauma thereto; withdrawing the aspiration cannula proximally along the first path; while withdrawing, aspirating a first portion of the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via one or more openings near the distal tip; and angling the aspiration cannula relative to the entry port such that the cannula advances into the bone marrow along a second path within the ileac crest, wherein the second path is different from the first path.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising piercing through a wall of the cortical bone and into the bone marrow cavity to form the entry port prior to the step of introducing.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein piercing through the wall of the cortical bone comprises piercing via an entry cannula through which the aspiration cannula is introduced.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path comprises directing the distal tip to follow the first path.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path comprises inhibiting the distal tip from puncturing through the surface of cortical bone such that the aspiration cannula is retained within the bone marrow cavity.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein advancing the aspiration cannula along a second path comprises directing the distal tip to follow the second path.
 7. The method of claim 6 further comprising withdrawing the aspiration cannula proximally along the second path.
 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising while withdrawing the aspiration cannula proximally along the second path, aspirating a second portion of the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via the one or more openings.
 9. A method for aspirating bone marrow, comprising: introducing a distal tip attached at a distal end of an aspiration cannula having a flexible length into the bone marrow through an entry port defined along a bone marrow cavity of an ileac crest containing the bone marrow, where a proximal end of the flexible length is coupled to a handle and the cannula is deflectable in all directions; advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path within the bone marrow while following a curvature of the cavity defined by the ileac crest and while rotating the distal tip relative to the handle, wherein the tip comprises a rotating drill tip having a proximal fluted portion that is tapered in a distal direction from a proximal end of the drill tip and a distal portion having a rounded blunt tip such that the drill tip terminates at the blunt tip, and where the rotating drill tip moves sideways along a surface of cortical bone upon encountering the surface by deflecting via the distally curved blunt tip while rotating and without causing trauma thereto; aspirating a first portion of the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via one or more openings near the distal tip while advancing along the first path; withdrawing the aspiration cannula while further aspirating the first portion of the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via the one or more openings; and angling the aspiration cannula relative to the entry port such that the cannula advances into the bone marrow along a second path within the ileac crest, wherein the second path is different from the first path.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path comprises directing the distal tip to follow the first path.
 11. The method of claim 9 wherein advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path comprises inhibiting the distal tip from puncturing through the surface of cortical bone such that the aspiration cannula is retained within the bone marrow cavity.
 12. The method of claim 9 wherein advancing the aspiration cannula along the second path comprises directing the distal tip to follow the second path.
 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising withdrawing the aspiration cannula proximally along the second path.
 14. The method of claim 9 further comprising aspirating a second portion of the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via the one or more openings.
 15. A method for aspirating bone marrow, comprising: introducing a drill tip attached at a distal end of an aspiration cannula into a bone marrow cavity through an entry port defined along the cavity, wherein the cannula has a flexible length which is deflectable in all directions relative to a proximal end of the length which is coupled to a handle; advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path within the cavity while rotating the drill tip, wherein the drill tip comprises a proximal fluted portion that is tapered in a distal direction from a proximal end of the drill tip and a distal portion having a rounded blunt tip, where the distal tip terminates at the rounded blunt tip such that the drill tip moves sideways upon encountering a surface of cortical bone within the cavity without causing trauma thereto; and, aspirating a first portion of bone marrow from the cavity into one or more openings along the cannula defined near the drill tip while rotating the drill tip.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising piercing through a wall of the cortical bone and into the bone marrow cavity to form the entry port prior to the step of introducing.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein piercing through the wall of the cortical bone comprises piercing via an entry cannula through which the aspiration cannula is introduced.
 18. The method of claim 15 wherein advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path comprises directing the tip to follow the first path.
 19. The method of claim 15 further comprising angling the aspiration cannula relative to the entry port such that the cannula advances into the bone marrow cavity along a second path within the cavity, wherein the second path is different from the first path.
 20. The method of claim 19 further comprising aspirating a second portion of the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via the one or more openings.
 21. The method of claim 15 further comprising withdrawing the aspiration cannula proximally along the first path while further aspirating the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via the one or more openings.
 22. A method for aspirating bone marrow, comprising: introducing a drill tip attached at a distal end of an aspiration cannula into a marrow cavity through an entry port defined along the cavity, wherein the cannula has a flexible length which is deflectable in all directions relative to a proximal end of the length which is coupled to a handle; advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path within the cavity while rotating the drill tip to break up bone marrow, wherein the drill tip comprises a proximal fluted portion that is tapered in a distal direction from a proximal end of the drill tip and a distal portion having a rounded blunt tip rounded in a distal direction, where the distal tip terminates at the rounded blunt tip such that the drill tip moves sideways upon encountering a surface of cortical bone within the cavity without causing trauma thereto; and, aspirating a first portion of bone marrow from the cavity into one or more openings along the cannula defined near the drill tip while rotating the drill tip.
 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising piercing through a wall of the cortical bone and into the bone marrow cavity to form the entry port prior to the step of introducing.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein piercing through the wall of the cortical bone comprises piercing via an entry cannula through which the aspiration cannula is introduced.
 25. The method of claim 22 wherein advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path comprises directing the tip to follow the first path.
 26. The method of claim 22 further comprising angling the aspiration cannula relative to the entry port such that the cannula advances into the bone marrow cavity along a second path within the cavity, wherein the second path is different from the first path.
 27. The method of claim 26 further comprising aspirating a second portion of the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via the one or more openings.
 28. The method of claim 22 further comprising withdrawing the aspiration cannula proximally along the first path while further aspirating the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via the one or more openings.
 29. A method for aspirating bone marrow, comprising: introducing a drill tip attached at a distal end of an aspiration cannula into a marrow cavity through an entry port defined along the cavity, wherein the cannula has a flexible length which is deflectable in all directions relative to a proximal end of the length which is coupled to a handle; advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path within the cavity while rotating the drill tip to break up bone marrow, wherein the drill tip comprises a proximal fluted portion that is tapered in a distal direction from a proximal end of the drill tip and a distal portion having a rounded blunt tip rounded in a distal direction, where the distal tip terminates at the rounded blunt tip such that the drill tip moves sideways upon encountering a surface of cortical bone within the cavity without causing trauma thereto, and while rotating the drill tip, inhibiting damage to the stem cells; and aspirating a first portion of bone marrow containing the stem cells from the cavity into one or more openings along the cannula defined near the drill tip while rotating the drill tip.
 30. The method of claim 29, further comprising piercing through a wall of the cortical bone and into the bone marrow cavity to form the entry port prior to the step of introducing.
 31. The method of claim 30 wherein piercing through the wall of the cortical bone comprises piercing via an entry cannula through which the aspiration cannula is introduced.
 32. The method of claim 29 wherein advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path comprises directing the tip to follow the first path.
 33. The method of claim 29 further comprising angling the aspiration cannula relative to the entry port such that the cannula advances into the bone marrow cavity along a second path within the cavity, wherein the second path is different from the first path.
 34. The method of claim 33 further comprising aspirating a second portion of the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via the one or more openings.
 35. The method of claim 29 further comprising withdrawing the aspiration cannula proximally along the first path while further aspirating the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via the one or more openings.
 36. A method for aspirating bone marrow, comprising: piercing through a wall of a cortical bone with an entry cannula to create an entry port; introducing a drill tip attached at a distal end of an aspiration cannula into a bone marrow cavity through a lumen of the entry cannula positioned through the entry port defined along the cavity, wherein the cannula has a flexible length which is deflectable in all directions relative to a proximal end of the length which is coupled to a handle; advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path within the cavity while rotating the drill tip to break up bone marrow, wherein the drill tip comprises a proximal fluted portion that is tapered in a distal direction from a proximal end of the drill tip and a distal portion having a rounded blunt tip rounded in a distal direction, where the distal tip terminates at the rounded blunt tip such that the drill tip moves sideways upon encountering a surface of cortical bone within the cavity without causing trauma thereto; and, aspirating a first portion of bone marrow from the cavity into one or more openings along the cannula defined near the drill tip while rotating the drill tip.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the piercing comprises piercing through the wall of cortical bone of an ileac crest.
 38. The method of claim 36 wherein advancing the aspiration cannula along a first path comprises directing the tip to follow the first path.
 39. The method of claim 36 further comprising angling the aspiration cannula relative to the entry port such that the cannula advances into the bone marrow cavity along a second path within the cavity, wherein the second path is different from the first path.
 40. The method of claim 39 further comprising aspirating a second portion of the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via the one or more openings.
 41. The method of claim 36 further comprising withdrawing the aspiration cannula proximally along the first path while further aspirating the bone marrow into the aspiration cannula via the one or more openings. 